The Maltese Islands preserve an extraordinary legacy of underground burial sites, reflecting changing beliefs, cultures, and funerary practices from the Phoenician era through Roman rule and into early Christianity.
Punic Tombs in Malta
Punic tombs date primarily to the Phoenician and Carthaginian presence in Malta between the 7th and 3rd centuries BC. These tombs were usually cut into limestone rock and arranged in clusters forming early cemeteries.
Typical features include vertical shafts leading to burial chambers, stone benches for the deceased, and niches for grave goods. Archaeological finds often include pottery, amulets, jewellery, and inscriptions reflecting Punic religious beliefs.
Rock-Cut Tombs
Rock-cut tombs continued in use during the Roman period and beyond. While inspired by Punic traditions, Roman examples often show greater regularity and architectural refinement.
These tombs were generally used by families and sometimes expanded over generations. Many were later reused during Late Antiquity, illustrating continuity in burial customs across centuries.
Catacombs of the Maltese Islands
Maltese catacombs are among the most significant in the central Mediterranean. Developed mainly between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD, they served Christian, Jewish, and pagan communities.
Complex networks of galleries contain arcosolia, table tombs, and decorated chambers. Notable examples include St Paul’s Catacombs and St Agatha’s Catacombs in Rabat, which provide key evidence for early Christianity in Malta.
Historical and Cultural Significance
Together, Punic tombs, rock-cut tombs, and catacombs document Malta’s role as a crossroads of Mediterranean civilizations. They offer insight into religious beliefs, social structure, and cultural exchange over more than a millennium.
Visiting and Preservation
Many burial sites are protected heritage monuments. Some are open to the public under managed access, while others remain closed to preserve fragile archaeological remains.